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containing fertilizers to meet their calcium needs. In addition, calcium increases the fixation of

atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria and increases the availability of molybdenum.

16.4.1. Calcium Deficiency

In calcium deficiency, the tips of the growing roots and leaves turn brown and die. The quality
of the fruit is also affected and the fruits develop flower nose rot.

Problems in Root Development: Calcium deficiency negatively affects the root development of

plants. Roots weaken and not enough water and nutrients can be taken.

Cell Wall Weakness: Calcium is involved in the structure of cell walls and therefore calcium

deficiency causes the cell walls of plants to weaken. This reduces the structural support of the
plants and collapse and sagging of the plants can occur.

Leaf Disturbances: Calcium deficiency can cause symptoms such as marginal curling, necrosis
(tissue death), and curling of leaves.

Fruit Rot Calcium deficiency may cause rotting and deformation in fruits. There may be loss of

quality especially in rind fruits.

Stomatal Control Disorder: Calcium deficiency prevents stomata (leaf holes) from functioning

normally and can increase water loss in plants.

16.4.2. Calcium Excess

It can inhibit the absorption of other nutrients: An excess of calcium can reduce the absorption
of other nutrients in the soil and cause nutrient deficiencies in plants.

Salinity and Toxicity: Calcium excess can cause salinity and high pH in the soil. This can cause

toxicity in plants and negatively affect root development.

Nutrient Imbalance: An excess of calcium can disturb the balance of other nutrients and lead to

mineral imbalances in plants.

16.5. Magnesium

Magnesium is a macronutrient element of vital importance for plants [99]. The main functions

of magnesium in plants are as follows:

Chlorophyll Synthesis: Magnesium is an essential component of chlorophyll molecules in
plants. Chlorophyll is the green pigment in which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into

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